一、学习技巧与分析方法
✅ 先记单词,再析句子
掌握足够的词汇是理解句子结构的基础。只有认识单词,才能正确划分句子成分、理解句意。
例如:及物动词后接的是宾语;而不及物动词后的名词可能是补语或状语,不能一概视为宾语。
✅ 如何分析长难句?
核心原则:以谓语动词为线索,一个谓语动词对应一个分句。
- 每个独立的主谓结构构成一个句子单位。
- 非谓语动词(如不定式 to do、动名词 doing、分词 done)和介词短语等不构成谓语,不能单独成句。
步骤:
1. 找出所有谓语动词;
2. 根据每个谓语划分出对应的主干结构;
3. 再分析修饰成分(定语、状语、补语等)。
例:Assistance with relocation expenses, if appropriate, is also available.
主干是:Assistance ... is available(主系表结构)
“if appropriate” 是插入语,可暂时忽略,不影响主干理解。
✅ 善用“忽略法”处理插入语
逗号之间的成分(如状语、同位语、条件句等)常为插入语或附加说明,可先跳过,抓住主干后再回看补充。
二、句子基本成分
| 成分 | 功能 | 常见形式 |
|---|---|---|
| 主语 | 动作的发出者或被描述的对象 | 名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、主语从句、it(形式主语) |
| 谓语 | 表示主语的动作或状态 | 实义动词、系动词 + 表语、情态动词 + 动词原形、助动词 + 动词 |
| 宾语 | 动作的承受者 | 名词、代词、数词、宾语从句、不定式、动名词 |
| 定语 | 修饰名词或代词 | 形容词、数词、代词、介词短语、定语从句、分词短语等 ▶ 前置定语:放在名词前(如 a beautiful girl) ▶ 后置定语:放在名词后(如 the man who came yesterday) |
| 状语 | 修饰动词、形容词或整个句子,说明时间、地点、原因、方式、条件、目的、结果、让步等 | 副词、介词短语、状语从句、非谓语结构等 |
| 补语 | 补充说明主语或宾语的状态或特征 | |
| – 主语补足语(表语) | 跟在系动词后,说明主语身份或状态 | 形容词、名词、介词短语、不定式等 |
| – 宾语补足语 | 跟在宾语之后,说明宾语的状态或动作 | 形容词、名词、副词、不定式、分词等 |
| > 例:I made him happy. → happy 是宾语 him 的补足语 | ||
| 表语 | 位于系动词之后,说明主语的身份、性质或状态 | 名词、形容词、介宾短语、不定式、动名词、从句等 |
三、简单句的五种基本结构
| 类型 | 结构 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 主谓 (S+V) | 主语 + 不及物动词 | He runs. |
| 主谓宾 (S+V+O) | 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 | She likes music. |
| 主谓双宾 (S+V+IO+DO) | 主语 + 动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 | I gave you money. → you 是间接宾语,money 是直接宾语 |
| 主谓宾宾补 (S+V+O+C) | 主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 | It makes me happy. → happy 不是 make 的宾语,而是对 me 的补充说明 |
| 主系表 (S+V+P) | 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 | She is a teacher. / He looks tired. |
常见系动词分类:
- be 动词:am, is, are, was, were
- 感官动词:look(看起来)、sound(听起来)、taste(尝起来)、feel(感觉)、smell(闻起来)
- 变化动词:become(变得)、get(变得)、go(变)、turn(转为)、grow(逐渐变得)
- 状态持续动词:remain(保持)、stay(保持)、keep(保持)
四、并列句(并列关系)
由两个或多个简单句通过并列连词或分号连接而成,句子之间地位平等。
| 类型 | 连接词 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 并列/递进 | and, not only...but also..., neither...nor... | He likes tea, and she likes coffee. |
| 选择 | or, either...or..., otherwise, or else | Hurry up, or you’ll miss the bus. |
| 转折/对比 | but, yet, however, while, whereas | She is young, but very experienced. |
| 因果 | for(表推断性原因) | It must have rained, for the ground is wet. |
✅ 并列句结构:简单句 + 并列连词 + 简单句
五、复合句(主从复合句)
包含一个主句和一个或多个从句,从句在主句中充当某种句子成分。
(一)名词性从句(在句中起名词作用)
| 类型 | 功能 | 引导词 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 主语从句 | 充当主语 | that, whether, what, who, when, where 等 | What he said is true. |
| 宾语从句 | 充当及物动词或介词的宾语 | 同上 | I know that you are right. |
| 表语从句 | 位于系动词后作表语 | 同上 | The problem is whether we can finish on time. |
| 同位语从句 | 对前面的抽象名词进行解释说明(不缺成分) | that, whether, when, where 等 | The news that he won the prize surprised everyone. |
🔍 同位语 vs 定语从句区别:
- 同位语从句:解释名词内容,结构完整(that 不作成分)
→ The fact that he passed is great.(that 引导同位语)
- 定语从句:修饰名词,从句中缺少成分(that 作主语或宾语)
→ The fact that you mentioned is important.(that 作 mentioned 的宾语)
(二)定语从句(修饰名词)
修饰名词或代词,称为“限定词”或“先行词”。从句中缺少某个成分,需由先行词补足。
1. 关系代词(在从句中作主语、宾语或定语)
| 关系代词 | 指代对象 | 在从句中的成分 | 是否可省略 |
|---|---|---|---|
| who | 人 | 主语 | 否 |
| whom | 人 | 宾语 | 是(口语中常省略或用 who 替代) |
| which | 物 | 主语或宾语 | 作宾语时可省 |
| that | 人或物 | 主语或宾语 | 作宾语时可省 |
| whose | 人或物 | 定语(= of whom / of which) | 否 |
❗ that 的使用限制:
- 不能用于非限制性定语从句(即前面有逗号时)
- 不能用于介词后作宾语(应使用 whom / which)例:Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? = Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?
2. 关系副词(在从句中作状语)
| 关系副词 | 相当于 | 用法 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| where | in/at which | 表地点 | This is the house where I grew up. |
| when | on/in/at which | 表时间 | I still remember the day when we met. |
| why | for which | 表原因 | That’s the reason why he left. |
3. 限制性 vs 非限制性定语从句
| 类型 | 特点 | 是否可用 that | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 限制性定语从句 | 无逗号,不可或缺,限定先行词 | ✅ 可用 that | The book that you gave me is great. |
| 非限制性定语从句 | 有逗号,可省略,起补充说明作用 | ❌ 不能用 that | My brother, who lives in Beijing, will visit us. |
⚠️ 非限制性定语从句还可修饰整个主句:
He failed the exam, which made his parents sad.(which 指代整个主句)
(三)状语从句(修饰动词、句子,说明情况)
| 类型 | 常用引导词 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 时间状语从句 | when, while, as, before, after, since, until, as soon as ▶ 特殊:the moment, every time, the day, immediately |
I was cooking when the phone rang. |
| 地点状语从句 | where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere | Leave it where you found it. |
| 条件状语从句 | if, unless, as long as, only if, provided that, in case | If it rains, we’ll stay home. |
| 原因状语从句 | because, since, as, now that | Since you’re here, let’s begin. |
| 结果状语从句 | so...that, such...that | He ran so fast that he won. |
| 目的状语从句 | so that, in order that, for fear that | Speak clearly so that we can understand. |
| 让步状语从句 | although, though, even if, even though no matter + 疑问词 / whatever, however |
Although it rained, we went out. |
| 方式状语从句 | as, as if, as though, the way | Do it as I do. |
| 比较状语从句 | than, as...as, the more...the more... | She is taller than I am. |
六、特殊句式
1. 强调句型(It is/was ... that/who ...)
用于强调句子中的某一成分(除谓语动词外)。
结构:It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其余部分
例:
- 原句:We are talking about her.
- 强调宾语:It was her (whom) we were talking about.
- 强调时间:It was yesterday that I saw him.✅ 判断方法:去掉 It is/was ... that 后,剩余部分仍能组成完整句子。
2. 形式主语 it
当主语较长时,常用 it 作形式主语,将真正的主语(不定式、动名词、从句)后置。
结构:It + be + 表语 + 真正主语(不定式/从句)
例:
- It is important to study hard.
(= To study hard is important.)
- It is said that he passed the exam.
3. 倒装句
为了强调或修辞需要,将谓语或助动词置于主语之前。
(1)部分倒装(只倒装助动词/情态动词)
用于否定词或短语开头的句子:
- never, hardly, seldom, little, not only, only + 状语例:
- Normal: We can win only through hard work.
- Inverted: Only through hard work can we win.
- Normal: He has only recently started.
- Inverted: Only recently has he started.
(2)完全倒装(整个谓语放在主语前)
多用于地点副词开头的句子:here, there, up, down 等
例:Here comes the bus.
4. 虚拟语气(表示假设、愿望、与事实相反)
| 情况 | 从句(条件句) | 主句(结果句) | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 与过去事实相反 | had + 过去分词 | would/could/might/should + have + 过去分词 | If I had studied harder, I would have passed. |
| 与现在事实相反 | 动词过去式(be 用 were) | would/could/might/should + 动词原形 | If I were you, I would accept it. |
| 与将来事实相反(可能性小) | did / were to do / should do | would/could/might/should + 动词原形 | If it should rain tomorrow, we’d cancel. |
✅ 固定表达:
- I wish I were taller.(现在)
- I wish I had studied harder.(过去)
- If only he would come!(将来)
七、句子类型(按用途分类)
| 类型 | 特点 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 陈述句 | 陈述事实或观点 | I like English very much. |
| 疑问句 | 提出问题 | Is this your key? |
| 祈使句 | 表示命令、请求、建议 | |
| – 动词原形开头 | (省略主语 you) | Be quiet! / Do sit down! |
| – Let 开头 | Let’s go! / Let him try. | |
| 感叹句 | 表达强烈情感 | |
| – What + (a/an) + 形容词 + 名词! | What a brave girl! | |
| – How + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语! | How beautiful she is! |
总结口诀(便于记忆)
✅ 主谓定状补,句子五成分;
✅ 主谓是骨架,其他来修饰;
✅ 一看谓语动,二找主干句;
✅ 长句不用怕,拆开慢慢析;
✅ 并列靠连词,主从有从句;
✅ 强调用 it,倒装要留意;
✅ 虚拟非现实,时态往前提。
✅ 建议学习顺序:
1. 掌握词汇 → 2. 分析简单句 → 3. 学习并列句 → 4. 攻克复合句 → 5. 理解特殊句式
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