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英语语法知识体系

一、学习技巧与分析方法

✅ 先记单词,再析句子

掌握足够的词汇是理解句子结构的基础。只有认识单词,才能正确划分句子成分、理解句意。
例如:及物动词后接的是宾语;而不及物动词后的名词可能是补语或状语,不能一概视为宾语。

✅ 如何分析长难句?

核心原则:以谓语动词为线索,一个谓语动词对应一个分句。
- 每个独立的主谓结构构成一个句子单位。
- 非谓语动词(如不定式 to do、动名词 doing、分词 done)和介词短语等不构成谓语,不能单独成句。
步骤:
1. 找出所有谓语动词;
2. 根据每个谓语划分出对应的主干结构;
3. 再分析修饰成分(定语、状语、补语等)。

例:Assistance with relocation expenses, if appropriate, is also available.
主干是:Assistance ... is available(主系表结构)
“if appropriate” 是插入语,可暂时忽略,不影响主干理解。

✅ 善用“忽略法”处理插入语

逗号之间的成分(如状语、同位语、条件句等)常为插入语或附加说明,可先跳过,抓住主干后再回看补充。


二、句子基本成分

成分 功能 常见形式
主语 动作的发出者或被描述的对象 名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、主语从句、it(形式主语)
谓语 表示主语的动作或状态 实义动词、系动词 + 表语、情态动词 + 动词原形、助动词 + 动词
宾语 动作的承受者 名词、代词、数词、宾语从句、不定式、动名词
定语 修饰名词或代词 形容词、数词、代词、介词短语、定语从句、分词短语等
▶ 前置定语:放在名词前(如 a beautiful girl)
▶ 后置定语:放在名词后(如 the man who came yesterday)
状语 修饰动词、形容词或整个句子,说明时间、地点、原因、方式、条件、目的、结果、让步等 副词、介词短语、状语从句、非谓语结构等
补语 补充说明主语或宾语的状态或特征
  – 主语补足语(表语) 跟在系动词后,说明主语身份或状态 形容词、名词、介词短语、不定式等
  – 宾语补足语 跟在宾语之后,说明宾语的状态或动作 形容词、名词、副词、不定式、分词等
> 例:I made him happy. → happy 是宾语 him 的补足语
表语 位于系动词之后,说明主语的身份、性质或状态 名词、形容词、介宾短语、不定式、动名词、从句等

三、简单句的五种基本结构

类型 结构 示例
主谓 (S+V) 主语 + 不及物动词 He runs.
主谓宾 (S+V+O) 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 She likes music.
主谓双宾 (S+V+IO+DO) 主语 + 动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 I gave you money.
→ you 是间接宾语,money 是直接宾语
主谓宾宾补 (S+V+O+C) 主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 It makes me happy.
→ happy 不是 make 的宾语,而是对 me 的补充说明
主系表 (S+V+P) 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 She is a teacher. / He looks tired.

常见系动词分类:
- be 动词:am, is, are, was, were
- 感官动词:look(看起来)、sound(听起来)、taste(尝起来)、feel(感觉)、smell(闻起来)
- 变化动词:become(变得)、get(变得)、go(变)、turn(转为)、grow(逐渐变得)
- 状态持续动词:remain(保持)、stay(保持)、keep(保持)


四、并列句(并列关系)

由两个或多个简单句通过并列连词或分号连接而成,句子之间地位平等。

类型 连接词 示例
并列/递进 and, not only...but also..., neither...nor... He likes tea, and she likes coffee.
选择 or, either...or..., otherwise, or else Hurry up, or you’ll miss the bus.
转折/对比 but, yet, however, while, whereas She is young, but very experienced.
因果 for(表推断性原因) It must have rained, for the ground is wet.

✅ 并列句结构:简单句 + 并列连词 + 简单句


五、复合句(主从复合句)

包含一个主句和一个或多个从句,从句在主句中充当某种句子成分。

(一)名词性从句(在句中起名词作用)

类型 功能 引导词 示例
主语从句 充当主语 that, whether, what, who, when, where 等 What he said is true.
宾语从句 充当及物动词或介词的宾语 同上 I know that you are right.
表语从句 位于系动词后作表语 同上 The problem is whether we can finish on time.
同位语从句 对前面的抽象名词进行解释说明(不缺成分) that, whether, when, where 等 The news that he won the prize surprised everyone.

🔍 同位语 vs 定语从句区别:
- 同位语从句:解释名词内容,结构完整(that 不作成分)
→ The fact that he passed is great.(that 引导同位语)
- 定语从句:修饰名词,从句中缺少成分(that 作主语或宾语)
→ The fact that you mentioned is important.(that 作 mentioned 的宾语)


(二)定语从句(修饰名词)

修饰名词或代词,称为“限定词”或“先行词”。从句中缺少某个成分,需由先行词补足。

1. 关系代词(在从句中作主语、宾语或定语)

关系代词 指代对象 在从句中的成分 是否可省略
who 主语
whom 宾语 是(口语中常省略或用 who 替代)
which 主语或宾语 作宾语时可省
that 人或物 主语或宾语 作宾语时可省
whose 人或物 定语(= of whom / of which)

that 的使用限制:
- 不能用于非限制性定语从句(即前面有逗号时)
- 不能用于介词后作宾语(应使用 whom / which)

例:Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? = Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?

2. 关系副词(在从句中作状语)

关系副词 相当于 用法 示例
where in/at which 表地点 This is the house where I grew up.
when on/in/at which 表时间 I still remember the day when we met.
why for which 表原因 That’s the reason why he left.

3. 限制性 vs 非限制性定语从句

类型 特点 是否可用 that 示例
限制性定语从句 无逗号,不可或缺,限定先行词 ✅ 可用 that The book that you gave me is great.
非限制性定语从句 有逗号,可省略,起补充说明作用 ❌ 不能用 that My brother, who lives in Beijing, will visit us.

⚠️ 非限制性定语从句还可修饰整个主句:
He failed the exam, which made his parents sad.(which 指代整个主句)


(三)状语从句(修饰动词、句子,说明情况)

类型 常用引导词 示例
时间状语从句 when, while, as, before, after, since, until, as soon as
▶ 特殊:the moment, every time, the day, immediately
I was cooking when the phone rang.
地点状语从句 where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere Leave it where you found it.
条件状语从句 if, unless, as long as, only if, provided that, in case If it rains, we’ll stay home.
原因状语从句 because, since, as, now that Since you’re here, let’s begin.
结果状语从句 so...that, such...that He ran so fast that he won.
目的状语从句 so that, in order that, for fear that Speak clearly so that we can understand.
让步状语从句 although, though, even if, even though
no matter + 疑问词 / whatever, however
Although it rained, we went out.
方式状语从句 as, as if, as though, the way Do it as I do.
比较状语从句 than, as...as, the more...the more... She is taller than I am.

六、特殊句式

1. 强调句型(It is/was ... that/who ...)

用于强调句子中的某一成分(除谓语动词外)。

结构:It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其余部分

例:
- 原句:We are talking about her.
- 强调宾语:It was her (whom) we were talking about.
- 强调时间:It was yesterday that I saw him.

✅ 判断方法:去掉 It is/was ... that 后,剩余部分仍能组成完整句子。


2. 形式主语 it

当主语较长时,常用 it 作形式主语,将真正的主语(不定式、动名词、从句)后置。

结构:It + be + 表语 + 真正主语(不定式/从句)

例:
- It is important to study hard.
(= To study hard is important.)
- It is said that he passed the exam.


3. 倒装句

为了强调或修辞需要,将谓语或助动词置于主语之前。

(1)部分倒装(只倒装助动词/情态动词)

用于否定词或短语开头的句子:
- never, hardly, seldom, little, not only, only + 状语

例:
- Normal: We can win only through hard work.
- Inverted: Only through hard work can we win.
- Normal: He has only recently started.
- Inverted: Only recently has he started.

(2)完全倒装(整个谓语放在主语前)

多用于地点副词开头的句子:here, there, up, down 等
例:Here comes the bus.


4. 虚拟语气(表示假设、愿望、与事实相反)

情况 从句(条件句) 主句(结果句) 示例
与过去事实相反 had + 过去分词 would/could/might/should + have + 过去分词 If I had studied harder, I would have passed.
与现在事实相反 动词过去式(be 用 were) would/could/might/should + 动词原形 If I were you, I would accept it.
与将来事实相反(可能性小) did / were to do / should do would/could/might/should + 动词原形 If it should rain tomorrow, we’d cancel.

✅ 固定表达:
- I wish I were taller.(现在)
- I wish I had studied harder.(过去)
- If only he would come!(将来)


七、句子类型(按用途分类)

类型 特点 示例
陈述句 陈述事实或观点 I like English very much.
疑问句 提出问题 Is this your key?
祈使句 表示命令、请求、建议
  – 动词原形开头 (省略主语 you) Be quiet! / Do sit down!
  – Let 开头 Let’s go! / Let him try.
感叹句 表达强烈情感
  – What + (a/an) + 形容词 + 名词! What a brave girl!
  – How + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语! How beautiful she is!

总结口诀(便于记忆)

主谓定状补,句子五成分;
主谓是骨架,其他来修饰;
一看谓语动,二找主干句;
长句不用怕,拆开慢慢析;
并列靠连词,主从有从句;
强调用 it,倒装要留意;
虚拟非现实,时态往前提。


建议学习顺序:
1. 掌握词汇 → 2. 分析简单句 → 3. 学习并列句 → 4. 攻克复合句 → 5. 理解特殊句式



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